Antígenos del sistema sanguíneo ABO como factor de riesgo para la gravedad de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 / Blood system ABO antigens as risk factor for severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Resumen Introducción: Se desconoce si existe una influencia del sistema sanguíneo ABO en susceptibilidad y gravedad de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Analizar si existe una asociación entre los antígenos del sistema ABO y la susceptibilidad y gravedad de la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Material y métodos: Se compararon las frecuencias de los antígenos del sistema ABO en 73 casos confirmados de infección por SARS-CoV-2 y 52 donadores clínicamente sanos. La gravedad de la infección se evaluó comparando la frecuencia de los antígenos por gravedad de la enfermedad y la mortalidad. Resultados: El riesgo de padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2 se incrementa en sujetos con antígeno A vs los no-A (OR=1.45; IC95 %:1.061-1.921). El fenotipo sanguíneo O disminuye el riesgo de padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2 (OR=0.686; IC95 %: 0.522-0.903). No se encontraron diferencias entre la gravedad de la enfermedad. En los pacientes graves, el riesgo de mortalidad se incrementó en sujetos con antígeno A vs los no-A (OR= 3.34; IC95 %: 1.417-8.159). Conclusión: El grupo sanguíneo A es un factor de riesgo para padecer infección por SARS-CoV-2, no así en la gravedad de la enfermedad, pero en los pacientes graves fue un factor de riesgo para la mortalidad.

Abstract Introduction: Whether there is an influence of the ABO blood system on susceptibility to the disease and its severity is unknown. Objective: To analyze if there is an association between the ABO blood system phenotypes and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its severity. Material and methods: The frequency of ABO antigens was compared in 73 confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 52 clinically healthy donors. The severity of the infection was evaluated by comparing the frequency of antigens by severity of the disease and mortality. Results: The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is increased in subjects with antigen A vs non-A subjects (OR=1.45; 95 %: 1.061-1.921). Blood phenotype O decreases the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR= 0.686; 95 % CI: 0.522-0.903). No differences were found regarding disease severity. The mortality risk is increased in subjects antigen A vs non-A (OR= 3.34; 95% IC: 1.417-8.159). Conclusion: Blood group A is a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, but not for disease severity, although in critically ill patients it is a risk factor for mortality.

Susceptibilidade antibiótica de isolados bacterianos em diferentes tipos de ceratites ulcerativas de cães na cidade de Cuiabá / Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from different types of ulcerative keratitis of dogs in the city of Cuiabá, Brazil

Objetivou-se identificar microrganismos isolados de diferentes tipos de ceratite ulcerativa em cães, juntamente com a sua susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos. O resultado do tratamento médico e cirúrgico também foi correlacionado com o tipo de isolado. Amostras para microbiologia foram obtidas com auxílio de swab estéril em 104 olhos de 72 pacientes sem histórico prévio de tratamento com antibióticos tópicos, atendidos no período de maio de 2012 a março de 2015. Os antibióticos testados foram: neomicina, gentamicina, tobramicina, cloranfenicol, polimixina B, ciprofloxacino, ofloxacino e moxifloxacina. No total, 131 bactérias foram isoladas de 96/104 olhos estudados, sendo o gênero Staphylococcus (48,09%) predominante, seguido por Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16,01%). O Shih Tzu foi a raça mais prevalente (33,33%) e o número de isolados gram-negativos foi significativamente maior nessa raça, comparativamente aos Pinschers (p=0,003), aos Filas, aos Poodles e aos sem raça definida (p=0,046). As bactérias isoladas neste estudo apresentaram maior susceptibilidade ao ofloxacino (84,55%), que foi significativamente mais eficaz em relação a neomicina e a polimixina B (p<0,0001), ao cloranfenicol (p=0,0001), a tobramicina (p=0,0007), a gentamicina (p=0,0021) e as outras fluorquinolonas, ciprofloxacino (p=0,0004) e moxifloxacino (p<0,0001). Os organismos gram-positivos foram isolados de um número significativamente maior de olhos que apresentavam ceratite ulcerativa não complicada, comparativamente àqueles com olhos acometidos por ceratite ulcerativa complicada (p=0,011). Igualmente, o número de bactérias gram-positivas foi maior que o de gram-negativas, tanto nos casos que receberam tratamento médico, como nos que foram operados, sem significativa estatística (p=0,745). Na presente pesquisa, Staphylococcus sp. foi a bactéria mais encontrada nas ceratites ulcerativas não complicadas. Já nos olhos com ceratites complicadas, embora a Pseudomonas aeruginosa tenha sido a bactéria mais predominante, o tratamento clínico foi suficiente para cura da afecção corneal na maior parte dos casos. O ofloxacino e a gentamicina foram os agentes mais eficazes contra a maioria dos isolados, com exceção do Streptococcus sp., onde o cloranfenicol se mostrou o mais eficaz. Ceratites ulcerativas sem complicações que apresentem culturas negativas podem evoluir para ceratites ulcerativas complicadas, salientando a necessidade de tratamento anti-colagenolítico em todos os casos.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria associated with different types of ulcerative keratitis in dogs. The outcome of medical or surgical treatment was also correlated with the type of isolate. Samples for microbiology were obtained by means of sterile swab from 104 eyes of 72 canine patients with ulcerative keratitis without previous history of antibiotic treatment, seen from May 2012 to March 2015. Only patients with no previous treatment with antibiotics were included in the study. Bacterial isolates were identified and the antibiotic susceptibility was tested to neomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and moxifloxacin. In total, 131 species of bacteria were isolated from 96/104 eyes, and Staphylococcus sp. predominated (48.09%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.01%). Shih Tzus were over represented (33.33%) and the number of gram-negative isolates were significantly higher in this breed, in comparison to Pinchers (P=0.003), Filas, Poodles, and other mixed-breeds (P=0.046). All species isolated in this study were more sensitive to ofloxacin (84.55%), that was significantly most efficient than neomycin and polymyxin B (P<0.0001), chloramphenicol (P=0.0001), tobramycin (P=0.0007), gentamicin (P=0.0021) and the other fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin (P=0.0004) and moxifloxacin (P<0.0001). Gram-positive organisms were isolated in a significant larger number of eyes with uncomplicated ulcerative keratitis, in comparison to those eyes with complicated ulcerative keratitis (P=0.011). Likewise, gram-positive were isolated in a larger number than gram-negatives microorganisms in cases that received either medically or surgical treatment, without statistical significance (P=0.745). In the present research, Staphylococcus sp. was the bacteria most commonly isolated in the eyes with uncomplicated ulcerative keratitis. Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common isolate in the eyes with complicated ulcerative keratitis, the majority of cases managed clinically had a successful outcome. Ofloxacin and gentamicin were found to be effective against the majority of isolates, with the exception of Streptococcus. sp, in which chloramphenicol was the most effective antibiotic. Uncomplicated ulcerative keratitis presenting negative culture may evolve to complicated ulcerative keratitis, warring the necessity of anti-collagenolytic treatment in all cases.(AU)

Absenteísmo-doença no serviço público municipal de Goiânia / Sickness absence in a municipal public service of Goiânia, Brazil

INTRODUÇÃO: O absenteísmo-doença, enquanto falta ao trabalho justificada por licença médica, é um importante indicador das condições de saúde dos trabalhadores. Em geral, características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais situam-se entre os principais fatores associados ao absenteísmo-doença. A administração pública é responsável por 21,8% dos empregos formais no Brasil. Esta população permite o estudo de uma grande variedade de categorias profissionais. OBJETIVO: Analisar o perfil e os indicadores de absenteísmo-doença entre servidores municipais de Goiânia, no Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal das licenças certificadas para tratamento de saúde superiores a três dias, de todos os servidores, desde janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2010. Foram calculadas as prevalências, utilizando como critérios o número de indivíduos, os episódios e os dias de afastamento. RESULTADOS: Foram concedidas 40.578 licenças certificadas para tratamento de saúde a 13.408 servidores numa população média anual de 17.270 pessoas, o que resultou em 944.722 dias de absenteísmo. A prevalência acumulada de licença no período foi de 143,7%, com média anual de 39,2% e duração de 23 dias por episódio. A prevalência acumulada de absenteísmo-doença foi maior entre mulheres (52,0%) com idade superior a 40 anos (55,9%), com companheiro (49,9%), de baixa escolaridade (54,4%), profissionais de educação (54,7%), > 10 anos de serviço (61,9%) e múltiplos vínculos profissionais (53,7%). Os grupos de diagnósticos (CID-10) com as maiores prevalências acumuladas de licenças foram os do capítulo de transtornos mentais (26,5%), doenças osteomusculares (25,1%) e lesões (23,6%). CONCLUSÕES: Os indicadores de absenteísmo-doença expressam a magnitude desse fenômeno no serviço público e podem auxiliar no planejamento das ações de saúde do trabalhador, priorizando os grupos ocupacionais mais vulneráveis. .

BACKGROUND: Sickness absence, as work absenteeism justified by medical certificate, is an important health status indicator of the employees and, overall, sociodemographic and occupational characteristics are among the main factors associated with sickness absence. Public administration accounts for 21.8% of the formal job positions in Brazil. This population allows the study of a wide range of professional categories. OBJECTIVE: To assess the profile and indicators of sickness absence among public workers from the municipality of Goiania, in the State of Goiás, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on certified sick leaves, lasting longer than three days, of all civil servants from January 2005 to December 2010. Prevalence rates were calculated using as main criteria the number of individuals, episodes and sick days. RESULTS: 40,578 certified sick leaves were granted for health treatment among 13,408 public workers, in an annual average population of 17,270 people, which resulted in 944,722 days of absenteeism. The cumulative prevalence of sick leave for the period was of 143.7%, with annual average of 39.2% and duration of 23 days per episode. The cumulative prevalence of sickness absence was higher among women (52.0%), older than 40 years old (55.9%), with a partner (49.9%), low schooling (54.4%), education professionals (54.7%), > 10 years of service (61.9%), and with multiple work contracts (53.7%). Diagnoses groups (ICD-10) with higher cumulative prevalence of sick leaves were those with mental disorders (26.5%), musculoskeletal diseases (25.1%), and injuries (23.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Indicators of sickness absence express the magnitude of this phenomenon in the public sector and can assist in planning health actions for the worker, prioritizing the most vulnerable occupational groups. .

Prognosis of Neonates in Pregnant Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

PURPOSE: The effects of maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on neonatal prognosis were examined by comparing clinical features of full-term babies born to lupus mothers and age- and parity-matched controls. PATIENTS and METHODS: From January 2000 to December 2005, 39 singletons were born to 37 SLE women. Excluding 11 cases of prematurity and preeclampsia, 28 full-term neonates formed the lupus group. The control group included 66 full-term babies. The retrospective study examined medical records and compared gestational age, birth weight, days of hospital stay, small for gestational age (SGA) frequency, Apgar scores < 7, and parity. Lupus neonates were tested for anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and platelet count, and electrocardiogram was performed. RESULTS: Average gestational age (38 vs. 39 weeks, p < 0.05) and birth weight (2,775 vs. 3,263g, p < 0.05) were significantly different between the SLE and control groups. SGA frequency was higher in the SLE group (25% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in Apgar score, birth weight, gestational age, SGA frequency, and platelet count between lupus subgroups formed based on anti-dsDNA antibody levels and antiphospholipid antibody status. CONCLUSION: The association of maternal ANAs, antiphospholipid antibodies, and drug history with neonatal prognosis could not be elucidated. However, even in uncomplicated pregnancies, maternal lupus is disadvantageous for gestational age, birth weight, and SGA frequency.

Determinación de la prevalencia de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en pacientes con bacteremia por gramnegativos / Determination of the prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase in patients with gram-negative bacteremia

Actualmente, el tratamiento de las infecciones bacterianas se ha hecho sumamente complicado, debido fundamentalmente al fenómeno de la resistencia bacteriana. Las bacterias poseen mecanismos que pueden hacerlas resistentes a los más novedosos antibióticos y muchos de nuestros pacientes no tienen la fortuna de sobrevivir a infecciones severas relacionadas con bacteremia. Existen varios mecanismos distintos de resistencia en bacterias gramnegativas. Quizás el mecanismo más importante de resistencia bacteriana sea la producción de betalactamasas y en la actualidad, un grupo de ellas ocupa un lugar preponderante con relación a este fenómeno: las betalactamasas de espectro extendido. Este estudio pretende demostrar la prevalencia de este mecanismo de resistencia en bacteremias ocasionadas por gramnegativos. Se evaluaron los hemocultivos procesados en el laboratorio de Microbiología del Hospital "J.M de Los Ríos" entre enero 2003 y diciembre 2006 que reportaron bacterias gramnegativas probables productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido y se reportó la susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. El gramnegativo aislado con mayor frecuencia fue Klebsiella pneumoniae (24,51 por ciento). De los 771 gramnegativos aislados, 268 (34,76 por ciento) eran probables productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido, siendo Klebsiella pneumoniae el más frecuente (50 por ciento) y uno de los mayores productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (70,89 por ciento). Los patrones de resistencia fueron variables.

The anti-IRBP IgG1 and IgG2a response does not correlate with susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis

Susceptibility to experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in inbred mice has been associated with a dominant Th1 response. Elevated anti-inter-photoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (anti-IRBP) IgG2a/IgG1 antibody ratios have been implicated as candidate markers to predict disease severity. In the present study, both the anti-IRBP antibody isotype and severity of EAU phenotypes were examined in 4 non-isogenic genetically selected mouse lines to determine if they can be used as general markers of disease. Mice between 8 and 12 weeks old selected for high (H III) or low (L III) antibody response and for maximum (AIR MAX) or minimum (AIR MIN) acute inflammatory reaction (AIR) were immunized with IRBP. Each experiment was performed with at least 5 mice per group. EAU was evaluated by histopathology 21 days after immunization and the minimal criterion was inflammatory cell infiltration of the ciliary body, choroid and retina. Serum IgG1- and IgG2a-specific antibodies were determined by ELISA. EAU was graded by histological examination of the enucleated eyes. The incidence of EAU was lower in AIR MIN mice whereas in the other strains approximately 40 percent of the animals developed the disease. Low responder animals did not produce anti-IRBP IgG2a antibodies or interferon-gamma. No correlation was observed between susceptibility to EAU and anti-IRBP isotype profiles. Susceptibility to EAU is related to the intrinsic capacity to mount higher inflammatory reactions and increased production of anti-IRBP IgG2a isotype is not necessarily a marker of this immunologic profile.

Natural human IgG subclass antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigens and their relation to malaria resistance in an endemic area of Thailand.

The immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum blood stage antigens in the sera of 181 individuals living in malaria endemic area in Kanchanaburi Province, western Thailand, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this study, IgG3 and IgG1 were shown to be the predominant subclasses. Generally, IgG2 were coexpressed with IgG1 and IgG3 while IgG4 was found to coexpress with other three IgG subclasses. The levels of specific IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 increased significantly with age (r = 0.295, p = 0.000; r = 0.416, p = 0.000; r = 0.320, p = 0.000, respectively). The data indicate that the higher antibody production required continuous stimulation under natural condition. Furthermore, the levels of specific IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 increased in immune individuals without clinical malaria, reported in adolescents and adults, were associated with malaria resistance. Similar results were found in children with different patterns of IgG subclasses in which the specific IgG2 and IgG3, but not IgG1 was related to resistance.

Increasing susceptibility to HAV among members of the young generation in Thailand.

The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus was studied in 961 children and adolescents, randomly selected from five different provinces in Thailand (Chonburi, Lopburi, Udonthani, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Lopburi). The highest prevalence was found in Nakhon Si Thammarat, with 32.1 percent of those aged 10-14 years and 57.1 percent of those aged 15-18 years showing evidence of protective immunity. However, this high rate could be explained by an outbreak of hepatitis A in 1992. In the remaining four provinces, the pattern was typically age-related in that all individuals showed between zero and 13 percent antibody prevalence until reaching the 15-to-18-year age group where it increased to between 5.6 and 22.7 percent. The overall sero-prevalence among all age groups was 7.9 percent. Thus, the majority of the younger generation is susceptible to hepatitis A virus infection thereby enhancing the impact, should an outbreak occur. Preventive measures that might be taken are education aimed at better hygiene and sanitation, as well as vaccination of susceptible individuals within high-risk populations.

Clinical and microbiologic findings in cellulitis in Thai patients.

BACKGROUND: Cellulitis is an inflammation of subcutaneous tissue in which infective, generally bacterial cause is proven or assumed. However, attempts to culture bacteria from lesions are often unsuccessful. METHOD: One hundred and fifty cases diagnosed as cutaneous cellulitis at Siriraj Hospital between 1992 and 1995 were retrospectively studied. RESULTS: Our study in 150 adult Thai patients with cellulitis showed that the most common site of infection was the lower extremity. Forty two per cent of the patients had history of preceding local trauma. Fever and regional lymphadenopathy were detected in 77.3 per cent and 22.6 per cent respectively. Sixty nine per cent of patients had leukocytosis with a mean neutrophil ratio of 79.7 per cent of patients with underlying diseases predisposed to the infection, 61.6 per cent had positive lesional culture results in contrast to 31.6 per cent in patients without. Needle aspiration and blood gave low positive culture yields. The common organisms detected were S.aureus and Streptococcus group A (83%) in immunocompetent patients. Of immunocompromised patients, in one half of the cases gram negative bacteria were found. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that in immunocompetent patients, the major bacterial isolated in cellulitis were S.aureus and Streptococcus group A. In immunocompromised patients, gram negative bacteria were found in one half. These findings may help in the selection of antimicrobials before the results of bacterial cultures are available or in culture negative cases.

Experimental visceral leishmaniasis in high and low antibody: producer mice (selection IV-A)

A leishmaniose é uma infecçäo parasitária cuja imunidade protetora envolve a ativaçäo de macrófagos. Neste trabalho avaliamos a susceptibilidade de camundongos H e L (bons e maus produtores de anticorpos, respectivamente) da seleçäo IV-A, à infecçäo com o protozoário L. donovani. Camundongos H infectados com 107 amastigotas por via intravenosa foram mais suscetíveis, apresentando maior carga parasitária tanto no fígado quanto no baço. Após 60 dias de infecçäo ambas as linhagens apresentaram um aumento no índice esplênico. Esta esplenomegalia foi conseqüência, pelo menos parcialmente, de um aumento no número de células esplênicas. Os resultados indicam que a seleçäo IV-A é susceptível à infecçäo com L. donovani e que dentro desta seleçäo a linhagem H apresenta maior suscetibilidade do que a linhagem L

Resistance mechanisms to experimental paracoccidioides brasilienses infection

Natural resistance and acquired immune responses to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection were investigated employing resistant and susceptible inbred mice infected with Pb18, a virulent isolate. Intraperitoneally infected susceptible mice present an innefficient macrophage activation, depressed DTH reactions, high levels of specific antibodies mainly of the IgG2b and IgA isotypes, evident polyclonal activation of IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2a producing B cells and a progressive disease. Resistant mice on the contrary, present an efficient macrophage activation, adequate DTH responses, low levels of specific antibodies mainly of the IgG2a isotype and absence of polyclonal activation of B cell resulting in the resolution of the infectious process. Similar results were obtained when the intratracheal or intravenous routes of infection were used. The previous subcutaneous infection with Pb18 establishes a stable cell-mediated immunity that makes the innately susceptible B10. A mice resistant to P. brasiliensis ip infection. This murine model, which mimics the benign and severe chronic forms of the human disease, is proposed as a framework of our current knowledge of the host-parasite interactions in paracoccidioidomycosis and as a basis ofor future challenge in continuing analyses.

A suscetibilidade à rubéola das gestantes - Bauru, 1987 / The susceptibility to pregnant woman rubella - Bauru, 1987

A vacinaçäo contra a rubéola tem como objetivo único, a proteçäo de futuras geraçöes de crianças em desenvolver a rubéola congênita. As experiências de mais de duas décadas no uso da vacina nos programas de controle da Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita (SRC) mostraram que a epidemiologia da rubéola, assim como a operacionalizaçäo das metas propostas para a cobertura vacinal säo bastante complexas. O óbito de crianças malformadas detectadas em alguns meses do ano de 1986 chamou a atençäo dos epidemiologistas do Município de Bauru para uma possível associaçäo com a epidemia de rubéola ocorrida na cidade em 1985. Conhecer a proporçäo de suscetibilidade à rubéola entre gestantes é uma das maneiras para se estimar o risco de ocorrências de SRC. Em 1987, 689 gestantes no Município de Bauru foram entrevistadas e submetidas a teste de inibiçäo de hemaglutinaçäo para determinaçäo de suscetibilidade à rubéola. Destas gestantes, 66 (9,7 por cento) foram consideradas suscetíveis à rubéola. Este resíduo de suscetibilidade dificilmente seria eliminado naturalmente, como mostram as diferentes experiências nos países que iniciaram um programa de controle da SRC. Seria necessária uma alta cobertura vacinal (cerca de 95 por cento) de todas as coortes de crianças e adolescentes para se conseguir a quebra na cadeia do processo infeccioso e a proteçäo de todas as mulheres em idade fértil. Uma intervençäo desta natureza näo poderia ser implementada sem o respaldo de um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica fortalecido e atuante. Considerando as características de polimorfismo da SRC e as dificuldades em se medir a magnitude da infecçäo congênita, a avaliaçäo de um programa que envolve pelo menos duas geraçöes de indivíduos é um grande desafio para os administradores de saúde

Efeitos de imunopotenciadores nao especificos na infeccao experimental pelo Schistosoma mansoni. I. Levamisole / Effects of non-specific immunopotentiators in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection. I. Levamisole

Os efeitos do levamisole nas alteracoes histopatologicas, resistencia do hospedeiro e quimiotaxia "in vitro" foram estudados na infeccao experimental pelo Schistosoma mansoni em camundongos da linhagem C57B1/10. O tratamento profilatico resultou em um aumento no numero de vermes adultos obtidos pela perfusao e tambem em uma taxa de mortalidade maior (p<0,05). As alteracoes histopatologicas (figado e intestino) foram similares em todos os grupos. Uma reducao significante da quimiotaxia "in vitro" ocorreu em camundongos controles infectados, assim como naqueles submetidos a tratamento profilatico com levamisole. A atividade quimiotatica atingiu os mesmos niveis dos camundongos controles normais (nao-infectados e nao-tratados com levamisole), quando o esquema curativo foi usado. O levamisole parece aumentar a susceptibilidade de camundongos da linhagem C57B1/10 a infeccao pelo S. mansoni quando administrado antes da infeccao e normaliza a atividade quimiotatica, quando dado apos a infeccao.

Rubella susceptibility in a population of prenatal care patients

Rubeola es una enfermedad viral autolimitada. Su más temida sequela es el síndrome de Rubeola Congenito. La llegada de la vacuna de rubeola la ha hecho posible la erradicación del Síndrome de Rubeola Congénito. Son necesarios los siguientes datos para determinar la amenaza de nuevos casos del Síndrome de Rubeola Congénito; la incidencia de rubeola, la incidencia del Síndrome de Rubeola Congénito y el porciento de la población inmune a rubeola. Estas estadísticas no estan disponibles en Puerto Rico. Este estudio fue diseñado para determinar el porciento de mujeres susceptibles a rubeola de dos clínicas de cuidado prenatal. Se hizo una correlación contra el historial dado por las pacientes y los resultados de las pruebas serológicas hechas para determinar la inmundad a rubeola. El porciento de mujeres suscetibles a rubeola en este aestudio es más alto que en estudios similares hechos en los Estados Unidos. La correlación entre los resultados de las pruebas serológicas y el historial dado por las pacientes fue muy pobre. Esto indica que todos los médicos primarios deben evaluar el status de inmunidad a rubeola de sus pacientes femeninas y/o vacunadas contra rubeola

Infeccíon intracerebral de ratones atímicos con una cepa atenuada de virus Junín / Intracerebral infection of athymic mice with an attenuated strain of junín virus

La infección del ratón lactante inmunocompetente eutímico (nu/+) con la cepa XJ del viru Junín provoca una encefalitis mortal debida a la respuesta inmune celular del huésped. Por el contrario, esa cepa inoculada en ratones atímicos (nu/nu) induce una infección persistente asintompatica. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el comportamiento de la cepa atenuada XJCl3 en el ratón nu/nu. Se inocularon por vía intracerebral (ic) 55 ratones lactantes nu/nu y 45 nu/+ con 10**3 UFP de la cepa XJCl3. Como controles se utilizaron 20 ratones nu/nu y 20 nu/+ infectar. Se observó en los ratones nu/nu y nu/+ una mortalidad similar (86%, respectivamente), mientras que no se observó mortalidad en los controles, que se mantuvieron en el mismo bioterio. Se detectaron altos títulos virales en cerebro y pulmón de los nu/nu infectados a los 7, 14, 21 y 70 días pi. Los títulos de virus en sangre fueron de 1 a 2 log más que en esos órganos. Estudios inmunohistoquímicos de cerebro mostraron antígeno viral intracitoplasmático en neuronas corticales a los 21 y 70 días pi. En el estudio histopatológico de pulmón de los nu/nu infectados se observó una neurmonbitis intersticial con focos de hemorragia a los 7 y 21 días pi. En cerebro y bazo no se detectó patología. Se muestra así que la cepa XJCl3 se comporta en el ratón lactante nu/nu en forma muy diferente a la cepa patógena XJ, siendo necesarios otros estudios para determinar cuáles son los mecanismos patogénicos involucrados

Hemofilia y AIDS / Hemophilia and AIDS

La población hemofilica tratada con concentraciones de factor VIII o IX liofilizado están expuestos a contraer el SIDA. El propósito de este trabajo es el dejar en claro si la infección por HIV por sí misma, independientemente de la dosis de anticoagulantes utilizados, sería capaz de producir alteraciones inmunológicas o clínicas. La conclusión fue que las fracciones de coagulantes liofilizados de factor VIII o IX existentes en el mercado, sí son capaces de producir alteraciones crónicas del I.C.M. y del I.V